List of the flea species of the State of Chihuahua, Mexico, with new records and a new species of Strepsylla Traub, 1950 (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae: Neopsyllinae: Phalacropsyllini).

A total of 45 flea species, assigned to 22 genera, are documented for the state of Chihuahua, Mexico. Fourteen records are new for the state, five species are recorded for the first time for the country and the state, and the number of species of Mexico is increased to 177 species. Chihuahua now has 25.4% of the total flea species registered for the country. A new species of the genus Strepsylla is described from specimens from the Flora and Fauna Protection Area Cerro del Mohinora, in the northwestern part of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Strepsylla mohinora sp. nov. is included in a published taxonomic key for the species of Strepsylla.

Niche conservatism and convergence in birds of three cenocrons in the Mexican Transition Zone.

Background: The niche conservatism hypothesis postulates that physiological and phylogenetic factors constrain species distributions, creating richness hotspots with older lineages in ancestral climatic conditions. Conversely, niche convergence occurs when species successfully disperse to novel environments, diversifying and resulting in areas with high phylogenetic clustering and endemism, low diversity, and lower clade age. The Mexican Transition Zone exhibits both patterns as its biotic assembly resulted from successive dispersal events of different biotic elements called cenocrons. We test the hypothesis that biogeographic transitionallity in the area is a product of niche conservatism in the Nearctic and Typical Neotropical cenocrons and niche convergence in the Mountain Mesoamerican cenocron. Methods: We split the avifauna into three species sets representing cenocrons (sets of taxa that share the same biogeographic history, constituting an identifiable subset within a biota by their common biotic origin and evolutionary history). Then, we correlated richness, endemism, phylogenetic diversity, number of nodes, and crowning age with environmental and topographic variables. These correlations were then compared with the predictions of niche conservatism versus niche convergence. We also detected areas of higher species density in environmental space and interpreted them as an environmental transition zone where birds' niches converge. Results: Our findings support the expected predictions on how niches evolved. Nearctic and Typical Neotropical species behaved as predicted by niche conservatism, whereas Mountain Mesoamerican species and the total of species correlations indicated niche convergence. We also detected distinct ecological and evolutionary characteristics of the cenocrons on a macroecological scale and the environmental conditions where the three cenocrons overlap in the Mesoamerican region.

When phylogenetics met biogeography: Willi Hennig, Lars Brundin and the roots of phylogenetic and cladistic biogeography.

Willi Hennig's (Beitr. Ent. 1960, 10, 15) Die Dipteren-Fauna von Neuseeland als systematisches und tiergeographisches Problem applied a phylogenetic approach to examine the distributional patterns exhibited by the Diptera of New Zealand. Hennig showed how phylogenetic trees may be used to infer dispersal, based on the progression and deviation rules, and also discussed the existence of vicariance patterns. The most important author who applied Hennig's phylogenetic biogeography was Lars Brundin, when analysing the phylogenetic relationships of two taxa of Chironomidae (Diptera) and using them to examine the biogeographic relationships of Australia, New Zealand, South America and South Africa. The relevance of Brundin's contribution was noted by several authors, as it began the cladistic or vicariance approach to biogeography, that implies the discovery of vicariance events shared by different monophyletic groups. Both phylogenetic and cladistic biogeography have a place in contemporary biogeography, the former for analysing taxon biogeography and the latter when addressing Earth or biota biogeography. The recent use of the term "phylogenetic biogeography" to refer to a posteriori methods of cladistic biogeography is erroneous and should be avoided.

Matthew's (1915) climate and evolution, the "New York School of Biogeography", and the rise and fall of "Holarcticism".

Climate and evolution (Matthew, 1915) represents an important contribution to evolutionary biogeography, that influenced several authors, notably Karl P. Schmidt, George S. Myers, George G. Simpson, Philip J. Darlington, Ernst Mayr, Thomas Barbour, John C. Poynton, Allen Keast, Léon Croizat, Robin Craw, Michael Heads, and Osvaldo A. Reig. Authors belonging to the "New York School of Zoogeography" -a research community including Matthew, Schmidt, Myers and Simpson- accepted Matthew's "Holarcticism" (north temperate centers of origin) and the permanence of ocean basins and continents, whereas others, especially panbiogeographers and cladistic biogeographers, were extremely critical and reacted against these ideas. "Holarcticism" has been falsified and rejected by dispersalists and the "New York School of Zoogeography" disappeared in the 1970s. Matthew, however, continues being identified by panbiogeographers and cladistic biogeographers as a key representative of classic dispersalism, helping provide some cohesion to their research communities.

Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: New map and shapefile.

We provide a map and shapefile of the 57 biogeographic provinces of the Neotropical region. Recognition of these provinces is based on their endemic species, but their delimitation on the map is based on ecoregions combining climatic, geological, and biotic criteria. These provinces belong to the Antillean, Brazilian and Chacoan subregions, and the Mexican and South American transition zones. We provide a vector file of the biogeographical regionalization by converting the map into a polygon shapefile and a raster file with all provinces.

THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF SMALL CARPENTER BEES OF THE SUBGENUS CERATINA (ZADONTOMERUS) ASHMEAD, 1899 (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE).

The Neotropical species of the subgenus Ceratina (Zadontomerus) Ashmead are revised. We recognize seven new species, giving a total of 10 species for the region: Ceratina (Zadontomerus) capitosa Smith, C. (Z.) ignara Cresson, C. (Z.) nautlana Cockerell, C. (Z.) kopili new species, C. (Z.) basaltica new species, C. sapphira new species, C. (Z.) indigovirens new species, C. (Z.) rehanae new species, C. (Z.) raquelitae new species, and C. (Z.) tepetlana new species. We propose the following synonymies: C. abdominalis Smith, C. tehuacana Strand, and C. parignara Cockerell under C. (Z.) ignara; and C. bakeri Smith and C. nigriventris Friese under C. (Z.) nautlana. Also, we describe the previously unknown male of C. capitosa, and provide a key to the species, diagnoses, descriptions and illustrations of the new species.

An Endemic and Endangered New Species of the Lizard Liolaemus montanus Group from Southwestern Peru (Iguania: Liolaemidae), with a Key for the Species of the L. reichei Clade.

The southwestern Andes of Peru harbor a hidden taxonomic diversity of reptiles. We describe a new species of Liolaemus Wiegmann (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from xerophytic environments of the southwestern slopes of the Andes of Peru, 2,400-2,900 m asl. The new species, previously considered to be a population of L. insolitus Cei, exhibits unique diagnostic characters of morphology, scalation and color pattern, and molecular evidence that suggest that it belongs in the Liolaemus montanus species group and the L. reichei clade. Moreover, the species is endemic to the eastern slopes of La Caldera batholith in the Department of Arequipa, southern Peru. We also provide information on the conservation status of the species and suggest it be included in the IUCN red list of the threatened species as endangered (EN). A key for the species of the L. reichei clade is provided.

Revision of the genus Cenophengus LeConte, 1881 (Coleoptera, Phengodidae), with the description of four new species, new geographic records and a new synonymy.

A taxonomic revision of the genus Cenophengus LeConte, 1881 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) is provided, including new data on geographic ranges of the species. This is the first time this genus has been recorded for Belize and in Honduras. Four new species (C.gardunoi, C.saasil, C.tsiik and C.zuritai) are described and a new synonymy (C.guerrerensis, Zaragoza-Caballero, 1991 = C.major Wittmer, 1976) is established. The study includes a key to the 30 valid species, diagnoses, descriptions, photographs and distribution maps.

The Triatoma phyllosoma species group (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), vectors of Chagas disease: Diagnoses and a key to the species.

The Triatoma phyllosoma species group includes 17 species of kissing bugs, most of them implicated in the transmission of Chagas disease in the Americas. The species of this group are T. bassolsae Alejandre-Aguilar, Nogueda-Torres, Cortz-Jmenez, Jurberg, Galvo Carcavallo, 1999, T. brailovskyi Martnez, Carcavallo Pelaez, 1984, T. dimidiata (Latreille, 1811), T. gerstaeckeri (Stl, 1859), T. gomeznunezi Martnez, Carcavallo Juberg, 1994, T. hegneri Mazzotti, 1940, T. huehuetenanguensis Lima-Cordn, Monroy, Stevens, Rodas, Rodas, Dorn Justi, 2019, T. indictiva Neiva, 1912, T. longipennis Usinger, 1939, T. mazzottii Usinger, 1941, T. mexicana (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1848), T. mopan Dorn, Justi, Dale, Stevens, Galvo, Lima-Cordn Monroy, 2018, T. pallidipennis (Stl, 1872), T. phyllosoma (Burmeister, 1835), T. picturata Usinger, 1939, T. recurva (Stl, 1868), and T. sanguisuga (LeConte, 1855). The validity of some species of the group was uncertain, because of both cryptic species and hybrid occurrence. Species exhibiting these particularities were formerly classified in the T. dimidiata and T. phyllosoma complexes. Although we recognize the historical value of these species complexes, we do not recommend their further use. Instead, we recognize the T. phyllosoma species group here reviewed, considering the current knowledge of the systematics and reproductive behavior of the group. We implement the cohesion species concept, validating the species status of T. bassolsae, T. longipennis, T. mazzottii, T. pallidipennis, T. phyllosoma, and T. picturata. We also provide diagnoses, photographs and a taxonomic key including the recently described species.

Toward a biogeographic regionalization of the Nearctic region: Area nomenclature and digital map.

We provide a preliminary nomenclatural proposal and a digital map of the Nearctic region, based on published regionalizations, especially Dice (1943), and applying the International Code of Area Nomenclature. The Nearctic region is comprised of three subregions (one of them with two dominions), one transition zone and 29 provinces. The Arctic subregion, in northern North America and Greenland, includes the Eskimoan, Hudsonian, Aleutian and Sitkan provinces. The Western subregion, in western North America, includes the Californian dominion, with the Californian and Oregonian provinces; and the Rocky Mountain dominion, including the Montanian, Saskatchewan, Palusian, Artemisian, Coloradan, Kansan, Mohavian, Navahonian, Sonoran, Chihuahuan, Comanche, and Baja California provinces. The Alleghany subregion, in eastern North America, includes the Illinoian, Canadian, Carolinian, Texan, Austroriparian, and Tamaulipan provinces. The Mexican Transition Zone, situated in the area of overlap with the Neotropical region, includes the Sierra Madre Occidental, Sierra Madre Oriental, Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Sierra Madre del Sur and Chiapas Highlands provinces.

Phylogenetic analysis of the family Megalopodidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea): better taxon-sampling facilitates detection of new relationships and new taxa.

The systematics of Megalopodidae is not adequately known, in spite of it being a relatively small group of phytophagous beetles. The first phylogenetic analysis of Megalopodidae with a comprehensive generic representation (25 genera of 30 described, 10 subgenera and 77 species) is undertaken. A parsimony analysis under equal and implied weights was carried out based on 147 adult and larval morphological characters. Subfamilies Palophaginae and Zeugophorinae were recovered as monophyletic, by contrast with Megalopodinae, which proved to be paraphyletic. Atelederinae are proposed as a new subfamily. Also, three tribes and three subtribes within Megalopodinae are proposed: Leucasteini trib.n., Sphondyliini trib.n. and Megalopodini, the latter including Macrolophina subtrib.n., Temnaspidina subtrib.n. and Megalopodina. The genera Macrolopha, Kuilua, Poecilomorpha, Temnaspis, Antonaria, Agathomerus, Megalopus and Bothromegalopus were recovered as non-monophyletic. New delimitations of the polyphyletic genera Poecilomorpha and Macrolopha are proposed, Clythraxeloma is resurrected, and the subgenera of Agathomerus are suppressed. The following new combinations are proposed: Kuilua apicata (Fairmaire), K. nyassae (Jacoby), Poecilomorpha cribricollis (Pic), P. minuta (Pic), Clythraxeloma assamensis (Jacoby), C. bipartita (Lacordaeri), C. discolineata (Pic), C. downesii (Baly), C. gerstaeckeri (Westwood), C. laosensis (Pic), C. maculata (Pic), C. mouhoti (Baly), C. nigrocyanea (Motschulsky), C. pretiosa (Reineck), Temnaspis tricoloripes (Pic) and Barticaria faciatus (Dalman). Clythraxeloma cyanipennis Kraatz is a restored combination. Distribution patterns of Megalopodidae largely conform to the breakup of Gondwanaland, with its main clades having particular distributions: Andean-Australian (Palophaginae), Ethiopian (Leucasteini, Sphondyliini, and Macrolophina), Neotropical (Ateledrinae and Megalopodina) and Ethiopian-Oriental-Palaearctic (Temnaspidina the result of a secondary expansion. Zeugophorinae present a worldwide distribution, except for the Neotropical and Andean regions, which may be the result of geodispersal. The findings of the present study also shed light on groups with taxonomic issues, where phylogenetic analyses are strongly needed.

Croizat's dangerous ideas: practices, prejudices, and politics in contemporary biogeography.

The biogeographic contributions of Léon Croizat (1894-1982) and the conflictive relationships with his intellectual descendants and critics are analysed. Croizat's panbiogeography assumed that vicariance is the most important biogeographic process and that dispersal does not contribute to biogeographic patterns. Dispersalist biogeographers criticized or avoided mentioning panbiogeography, especially in the context of the "hardening" of the Modern Synthesis. Researchers at the American Museum of Natural History associated panbiogeography with Hennig's phylogenetic systematics, creating cladistic biogeography. On the other hand, a group of New Zealand biologists formalized Croizat's original concepts and soon began arguing with cladistic biogeographers over the relative merits of their approaches. In Latin America, panbiogeography and cladistic biogeography were incorporated as parts of an integrative approach. A recent development, molecular panbiogeography, is based on the use of molecular phylogenetic data. The current practice shows that some authors insist on considering panbiogeography as the only appropriate approach and vicariance as the only relevant process, whereas others accept Croizat's dictum "Earth and life evolve together" as a useful guide to understanding broad, general patterns, but recognize that dispersal also contributes substantially to biotic assembly. The framework of integrative pluralism allows to explain the complexities of the biogeographic processes involved in biotic assembly without the need of unification on a large scale. This historical analysis intersects with the existing historiography of the Modern Synthesis and may provide some insights on the dynamics of integrative pluralism, which may be especially relevant in the current development of the Extended Synthesis.

Systematic revision of the genus Isodacrys Sharp, 1911 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Tanymecini).

The genus Isodacrys Sharp, 1911 is revised. Twenty species of the genus are recognized ranging from south United States of America, Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras of which eight are herein described as new. These species are Isodacrys antrum Cortés-Hernández, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas, Chiapas; Guatemala: Baja Verapaz); Isodacrys carlae Cortés-Hernández, new species (Mexico: Coahuila, Hidalgo, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas); Isodacrys confusum Cortés-Hernández, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas); Isodacrys fasciatum Cortés-Hernández, new species (Mexico: Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León); Isodacrys frontalis Cortés-Hernández, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca; Guatemala: Sacatepéquez, Guatemala); Isodacrys kuchii Cortés-Hernández, new species (Mexico: Puebla); Isodacrys obrienorum Cortés-Hernández, new species (Guatemala: Totonicapán, Jalapa, San Marcos); and Isodacrys okuiltontli Cortés Hernández, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca). Insights into the monophyly of Isodacrys and its phylogenetic relationships with other Tanymecini based on adult morphology are given by implementing a phylogenetic analysis of 43 terminals (21 ingroup, 22 outgroup) coded for 72 adult morphological characters. Characters were discussed and highlighted for the inclusion in the phylogenetic analysis. Final analysis yielded two most-parsimonious cladograms of 242 steps, which support the monophyly of Isodacrys. Isodillex Cortés-Hernández, new genus is here described to accommodate Isodillex minutum (Sharp, 1911), new combination and Isodillex plumosum Cortés-Hernández, new species (Mexico: Zacatecas). Isodillex was recovered as sister group of Isodacrys. Key to separate Isodacrys species, occurrence map and habitus photographs are also provided.

Multilocus, phenotypic, behavioral, and ecological niche analyses provide evidence for two species within Euphonia affinis (Aves, Fringillidae).

The integration of genetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological information in the analysis of species boundaries has increased, allowing integrative systematics that better reflect the evolutionary history of biological groups. In this context, the goal of this study was to recognize independent evolutionary lineages within Euphonia affinis at the genetic, morphological, and ecological levels. Three subspecies have been described: E. affinis godmani, distributed in the Pacific slope from southern Sonora to Guerrero; E. affinis affinis, from Oaxaca, Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula to Costa Rica; and E. affinis olmecorum from Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi east to northern Chiapas (not recognized by some authors). A multilocus analysis was performed using mitochondrial and nuclear genes. These analyses suggest two genetic lineages: E. godmani and E. affinis, which diverged between 1.34 and 4.3 My, a period in which the ice ages and global cooling fragmented the tropical forests throughout the Neotropics. To analyze morphometric variations, six morphometric measurements were taken, and the Wilcoxon Test was applied to look for sexual dimorphism and differences between the lineages. Behavioral information was included, by performing vocalization analysis which showed significant differences in the temporal characteristics of calls. Finally, Ecological Niche Models were estimated with MaxEnt, and then compared using the method of Broennimann. These analyses showed that the lineage distributed in western Mexico (E. godmani) has a more restricted niche than the eastern lineage (E. affinis) and thus we rejected the hypotheses of niche equivalence and similarity. Based on the combined evidence from genetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data, it is concluded that E. affinis (with E. olmecorum as its synonym) and E. godmani represent two independent evolutionary lineages.

A new species of Entimus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) from southeastern Brazil.

Entimus serpafilhoi, a new species of the weevil genus Entimus from southeastern Brazil is described. It is distinguished from other species of the genus because it lacks the green, blue and gold iridescent scales typical of most other species. Superficially this species is similar to E. arrogans, which also lacks such scales, but the phylogenetic analysis shows it to be more closely related to E. excelsus and E. nobilis. The new species inhabits the 'restinga' forest, in contrast to other species from the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) that are found in the Atlantic forest further from the coast.

A key to the Mexican genera of Tanymecini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

We provide a key to the eight genera of the tribe Tanymecini distributed in Mexico. Habitus photographs of all genera are included as are photographs of various other key characters. A brief synopsis of each genus is included as well as a list of the species recorded for Mexico. The species Minyomerus languidus Horn and Pandeleteius championi Howden are newly recorded for Mexico.

Aplicación de índices filogenéticos para la definición de prioridades de conservación en los páramos del noroeste de los Andes / Application of phylogenetic indices in the definition of conservation priorities in the northwest Andes paramos

Resumen Los páramos son ecosistemas andinos de alta montaña, que albergan una biota diversa y de alta endemicidad, producto de las condiciones ambientales extremas. Se utilizaron diferentes índices para definir prioridades de conservación en las áreas de páramo del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia; con base en medidas de la individualidad evolutiva y complementariedad de biotas. Para realizar los análisis se generó una base de datos que incluyó 416 táxones de angiospermas y 1 951 localidades, para un total de 12 897 registros de distribución, compilados a partir de los muestreos y revisiones realizados en este proyecto; adicionalmente se incluyó la información disponible en Global Biodiversity Information Facility y en el Sistema de Información sobre Biodiversidad de Colombia. A partir de estos datos se identificaron áreas de prioridad para la conservación de los páramos de Antioquia, de acuerdo con medidas de la individualidad evolutiva basadas en nodos y complementariedad de biotas. Teniendo en cuenta solamente los índices de individualidad evolutiva, el páramo prioritario para la conservación fue Frontino-Urrao, seguido de Farallones de Citará; pero si se considera la complementariedad de biotas, la segunda área prioritaria para la conservación es Sonsón. Las clasificaciones de prioridad de áreas basadas en individualidad son congruentes con las áreas de mayor riqueza de especies. Es necesario y urgente preservar el ecosistema páramo dado su vulnerabilidad y la subsecuente perdida de los servicios ecosistémicos que brindan, si se ven expuestos a la degradación o desaparición.(AU)

Abstract Páramos are High Andean ecosystems that harbor a diverse biota and have high endemicity, because of their extreme environmental conditions. We used different phylogenetic indices to define conservation priorities in the paramos of the department of Antioquia, Colombia, based on measures of their evolutionary individuality and richness complimentary. To perform the analyses, we generated a database including 416 angiosperm taxa and 1 951 localities for a total of 12 897 distributional records compiled from surveys and reviews. Additionally, the available information in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and the Colombian Biodiversity Information System were included. From these data, priority areas for the conservation of the paramos located in the state of Antioquia were identified, using measures of evolutionary individuality based on nodes and biotic complementarity. Taking into account only the individual phylogenetic indices, the most important paramo for conservation was Frontino-Urrao, followed by Farallones de Citará. If biotic complementarity is considered, the second most important paramo is Sonsón. Priority classifications of areas based on individuality are congruent with areas of greatest species richness. We conclude that it is necessary and urgent to preserve the paramos given their vulnerability and the subsequent loss of the ecosystem services that they provide, if they are exposed to degradation or disappearance.(AU)

Phylogenetics of Ogyges Kaup and the biogeography of Nuclear Central America (Coleoptera, Passalidae).

A phylogenetic morphological analysis of the genus Ogyges Kaup, distributed in Nuclear Central America, from Chiapas, Mexico, to northwestern Nicaragua was undertaken. Five species of Proculejus Kaup, distributed north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico, were selected as outgroup. Ogyges was recovered as monophyletic with three species groups: championi, laevissimus, and crassulus. Each species group shows a distinct, generally allopatric distribution. The O. championi species group, with ten species, is distributed in the Maya block, more specifically in the mountainous system north of the Motozintla-Comaltitlán fault in Chiapas, and north of the dry valleys of the Cuilco and Motagua rivers in Guatemala. The two remaining species groups are distributed in the Chortis block. The O. laevissimus species group, including seven species, ranges mostly along the Pacific Volcanic Chain from Guatemala to El Salvador, and from southeastern Honduras to the northwestern area of Nicaragua. The O. crassulus species group, with ten species, is distributed from northeastern Guatemala (Merendón) to northern Honduras. The Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico, the Motagua-Cuilco and Motozintla-Comaltitlán sutures zones in Chiapas and Guatemala, the lowland valleys of Colón and Comalí rivers between Nicaragua and Honduras (or, perhaps, the northern suture of the Siuna Terrane in Nicaragua), the Guayape fault system in Honduras, and the intricate dry valleys of Ulúa-Chamelecón-Olancho in Honduras, are hypothesized to have acted as barriers that affected the geographical distribution of Ogyges, as well as probably other montane organisms.

Testing the biogeographical regionalization of the Mexican Transition Zone based on the distribution of Curculionidae (Insecta: Coleoptera).

A test of the biogeographical regionalization of the Mexican Transition Zone (MTZ) is presented, resulting from a Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) based on the distributional patterns of 575 species of the family Curculionidae. The analysis was carried out in three stages. First, a PAE was carried out to define a general regionalization scheme for the MTZ, identifying areas and microareas of endemism for the entire area. Then PAEs were undertaken for each province. Third, a PAE was carried out to determine the relationship between the provinces of the MTZ. The analysis of the entire MTZ resulted in four areas and 57 microareas of endemism, while in the independent analysis of each province, five areas and 67 microareas of endemism were obtained. Both analyses coincide basically in the location of the areas and microareas of endemism, which are subordinated to biogeographic units defined by different authors. In the consensus cladogram of the third stage of the analysis, the Transmexican Volcanic Belt (TVB) is the sister area to the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMOC); then, they are the sister area to the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMOR); and finally the previous provinces are united in a trichotomy with the Sierra Madre del Sur (SMS) and the Chiapas Highlands (CHIS). It is assumed that the differences found when comparing our results with different cladistic biogeographic studies of the MTZ reflect the complexity of the study area. Since the data used to perform the analyses are not uniform, and both geographical units and taxa are different, the comparison between different analyses is difficult.

Map and shapefile of the biogeographic provinces of Argentina.

We provide a map of the 15 biogeographic provinces of Argentina based on the ecoregions recognized for the country, combining climatic, geological and biotic criteria. Argentinean provinces belong to the Neotropical region (Yungas, Paraná Forest, Araucaria Forest, Chaco and Pampean provinces), the South American transition zone (Puna, Monte, Comechingones and Cuyan High Andean provinces) and the Andean region (Patagonian, Maule, Valdivian Forest, Magellanic Forest, Falkland Islands and Magellanic Moorland provinces). In order to facilitate future biogeographic analyses, we provide a file of this biogeographical regionalisation in vector format using the World Geodetic Survey 1984.